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China

China ups anti-monopoly reforms to curb digital platform power

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A logo of Ant Group is pictured at the headquarters of the company, an affiliate of Alibaba, in Hangzhou, China, 29 October 2020 (Photo: Reuters/Aly Song).

Author: Lianrui Jia, UTSC

China recently joined the global anti-monopoly movement, placing its leading digital platforms under closer scrutiny. Released in November 2020, China’s new draft anti-monopoly guidelines target anti-competitive behaviour in the internet sector such as forced exclusivity, big data price discrimination, use of subsidies to crowd out competition and exclusive cooperation agreements.

The guidelines are underpinned by China’s Anti-Monopoly Law (AML), which was formally enacted in 2008. The AML was drafted with three objectives in mind: to curb foreign competition and foster domestic industrial growth, to protect consumers, and to limit monopolies by state-owned and administrated entities.

This is not the first time the AML has been applied in the information and communication technology sector. In 2014, China’s State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC), one of the organisations responsible for enforcing the AML, investigated Microsoft over the use of its Windows operating system in China. In 2015, US chipmaker Qualcomm was fined US$975 million for violating the AML — which remains by far the largest fine in China’s corporate anti-monopoly history.

Skeptics of China’s anti-monopoly regime argue the application of the AML is often limited to warding off foreign competitors and protecting domestic industry. Amongst domestic tech giants, the AML is frequently leveraged between market participants to secure competition and market dominance. One of the first landmark anti-monopoly cases in China’s internet sector was the dispute between Qihoo 360 and Tencent. The court ruled in favour of Tencent, upholding that it did not have market dominance.

China’s latest antitrust investigation targeted former Alibaba CEO Jack Ma and the Ant Group in December 2020, putting an emergency halt on Ant’s proposed US$35 billion initial public offering (IPO) in Hong Kong. Ant Group is China’s leading fintech service provider and one of the largest private proprietors of financial, transactional, behavioural and demographic data. The investigation was the culmination of the Chinese Communist Party’s tightening fintech regulatory reform that began in 2015. These reforms aimed to better manage risks, economic growth and social stability and ultimately ensure the Party’s leadership over the digitisation of finance.

Strengthening anti-monopoly laws has long been a concern for Chinese authorities. But it is becoming all the more urgent as the internet in China becomes concentrated in hands of a few tech giants.

Monopolistic competition comes at a price. It encloses users into different walled gardens with poor data portability and compatibility. And it further divides the already federated Chinese commercial internet ecosystem along the fault lines of corporate interests and ownership.

In December 2020, the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) fined Alibaba approximately US$76,500 for failing to seek approval before increasing its US$2.6 billion stake in department store chain Intime Retail Group in 2017. Tencent’s China Literature was fined the same amount over its buyout of New Classic Media in 2018. And in 2015, Microsoft and Shanghai Oriental Pearl Media Co Ltd were each fined US$31,430 for failing to report their Xbox venture to antitrust regulators.

But questions remain as regulatory probing continues — what happened to other unregistered mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures that triggered the reporting threshold, such as the killer acquisition between Didi and Uber in the country’s ride-hailing market?

The growth of tech giants in China has induced a vicissitude of sociocultural changes, including the rise of start-up culture and changes to labour relations, e-commerce and online culture. The latest anti-monopoly move is simply playing catch-up with these developments. Market competition still largely shapes platform policies. For example, WeChat formalised rules for external links in its External Link Content Management Regulation, banning links to services that are similar to WeChat or other platforms without authorisation from Tencent. Similarly, ByteDance’s Douyin banned all external links to third parties on its livestreaming platform in October 2020.

When it comes to doing business though, the Party still holds the moral bottom line. It criticised Tencent Games for its ‘poisonous’ effect on youth in 2017 and called out microblogging service Weibo for monetising its Hot Searches list in 2018. In 2019, it issued a warning to the largest…

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New Report from Dezan Shira & Associates: China Takes the Lead in Emerging Asia Manufacturing Index 2024

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China has been the world’s largest manufacturer for 14 years, producing one-third of global manufacturing output. In the Emerging Asia Manufacturing Index 2024, China ranks highest among eight emerging countries in the region. Challenges for these countries include global demand disparities affecting industrial output and export orders.


Known as the “World’s Factory”, China has held the title of the world’s largest manufacturer for 14 consecutive years, starting from 2010. Its factories churn out approximately one-third of the global manufacturing output, a testament to its industrial might and capacity.

China’s dominant role as the world’s sole manufacturing power is reaffirmed in Dezan Shira & Associates’ Emerging Asia Manufacturing Index 2024 report (“EAMI 2024”), in which China secures the top spot among eight emerging countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The other seven economies are India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and Bangladesh.

The EAMI 2024 aims to assess the potential of these eight economies, navigate the risks, and pinpoint specific factors affecting the manufacturing landscape.

In this article, we delve into the key findings of the EAMI 2024 report and navigate China’s advantages and disadvantages in the manufacturing sector, placing them within the Asia-Pacific comparative context.

Emerging Asia countries face various challenges, especially in the current phase of increased volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (VUCA). One notable challenge is the impact of global demand disparities on the manufacturing sector, affecting industrial output and export orders.

This article is republished from China Briefing. Read the rest of the original article.

China Briefing is written and produced by Dezan Shira & Associates. The practice assists foreign investors into China and has done since 1992 through offices in Beijing, Tianjin, Dalian, Qingdao, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou, Guangzhou, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong. Please contact the firm for assistance in China at china@dezshira.com.

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Is journalist Vicky Xu preparing to return to China?

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Chinese social media influencers have recently claimed that prominent Chinese-born Australian journalist Vicky Xu had posted a message saying she planned to return to China.

There is no evidence for this. The source did not provide evidence to support the claim, and Xu herself later confirmed to AFCL that she has no such plans.

Currently working as an analyst at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, or ASPI, Xu has previously written for both the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, or ABC, and The New York Times.

A Chinese language netizen on X initially claimed on March 31 that the changing geopolitical relations between Sydney and Beijing had caused Xu to become an expendable asset and that she had posted a message expressing a strong desire to return to China. An illegible, blurred photo of the supposed message accompanied the post. 

This claim was retweeted by a widely followed influencer on the popular Chinese social media site Weibo one day later, who additionally commented that Xu was a “traitor” who had been abandoned by Australian media. 

Rumors surfaced on X and Weibo at the end of March that Vicky Xu – a Chinese-born Australian journalist who exposed forced labor in Xinjiang – was returning to China after becoming an “outcast” in Australia. (Screenshots / X & Weibo)

Following the publication of an ASPI article in 2021 which exposed forced labor conditions in Xinjiang co-authored by Xu, the journalist was labeled “morally bankrupt” and “anti-China” by the Chinese state owned media outlet Global Times and subjected to an influx of threatening messages and digital abuse, eventually forcing her to temporarily close several of her social media accounts.

AFCL found that neither Xu’s active X nor LinkedIn account has any mention of her supposed return to China, and received the following response from Xu herself about the rumor:

“I can confirm that I don’t have plans to go back to China. I think if I do go back I’ll most definitely be detained or imprisoned – so the only career I’ll be having is probably going to be prison labor or something like that, which wouldn’t be ideal.”

Neither a keyword search nor reverse image search on the photo attached to the original X post turned up any text from Xu supporting the netizens’ claims.

Translated by Shen Ke. Edited by Shen Ke and Malcolm Foster.

Asia Fact Check Lab (AFCL) was established to counter disinformation in today’s complex media environment. We publish fact-checks, media-watches and in-depth reports that aim to sharpen and deepen our readers’ understanding of current affairs and public issues. If you like our content, you can also follow us on Facebook, Instagram and X.

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Guide for Foreign Residents: Obtaining a Certificate of No Criminal Record in China

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Foreign residents in China can request a criminal record check from their local security bureau. This certificate may be required for visa applications or job opportunities. Requirements and procedures vary by city. In Shanghai, foreigners must have lived there for 180 days with a valid visa to obtain the certificate.


Foreign residents living in China can request a criminal record check from the local security bureau in the city in which they have lived for at least 180 days. Certificates of no criminal record may be required for people leaving China, or those who are starting a new position in China and applying for a new visa or residence permit. Taking Shanghai as an example, we outline the requirements for obtaining a China criminal record check.

Securing a Certificate of No Criminal Record, often referred to as a criminal record or criminal background check, is a crucial step for various employment opportunities, as well as visa applications and residency permits in China. Nevertheless, navigating the process can be a daunting task due to bureaucratic procedures and language barriers.

In this article, we use Shanghai as an example to explore the essential information and steps required to successfully obtain a no-criminal record check. Requirements and procedures may differ in other cities and counties in China.

Note that foreigners who are not currently living in China and need a criminal record check to apply for a Chinese visa must obtain the certificate from their country of residence or nationality, and have it notarized by a Chinese embassy or consulate in that country.

Foreigners who have a valid residence permit and have lived in Shanghai for at least 180 days can request a criminal record check in the city. This means that the applicant will also need to currently have a work, study, or other form of visa or stay permit that allows them to live in China long-term.

If a foreigner has lived in another part of China and is planning to or has recently moved to Shanghai, they will need to request a criminal record check in the place where they previously spent at least 180 days.

There are two steps to obtaining a criminal record certificate in Shanghai: requesting the criminal record check from the Public Security Bureau (PSB) and getting the resulting Certificate of No Criminal Record notarized by an authorized notary agency.

This article is republished from China Briefing. Read the rest of the original article.

China Briefing is written and produced by Dezan Shira & Associates. The practice assists foreign investors into China and has done since 1992 through offices in Beijing, Tianjin, Dalian, Qingdao, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou, Guangzhou, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong. Please contact the firm for assistance in China at china@dezshira.com.

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