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China

Policy pragmatism key to Macau’s COVID-19 success

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People wearing masks walk in front of Casino Lisboa, before its temporary closing following the coronavirus outbreak, in Macau, China, 4 February 2020 (Photo: Reuters/Tyrone Siu).

Author: Ricardo C S Siu, University of Macau

Macau’s economy has long been facing a dilemma between dramatic economic performance built on its casino and tourism sectors and a lack of variety in its industrial composition. Business activities related to gaming generated 50.5 per cent of the economy’s total industrial output in 2018. Tourism-related businesses such as hotels, retail, restaurants and entertainment accounted for another 12 to 15 per cent. But these sectors are among the most vulnerable to COVID-19’s economic impact.

The Macau government’s control and suspension of visitor flows with the outside world — especially from mainland China and Hong Kong, which accounted for 89.5 per cent of visitor arrivals in 2019 — led to a meltdown of the city’s tourism. Gross gaming revenue fell by 60 and 95.5 per cent in the first and second quarters this year, respectively. Macau’s real GDP contracted an unprecedented 48.7 and 67.8 per cent over the two periods.

Macau’s government introduced a series of uneasy but pragmatic measures to insulate the tiny yet densely populated city from COVID-19 transmission originating from large volumes of tourism. The measures included a suspension of tourists visiting the city and an agreement with casino operators to temporarily shut down business for 15 days in February.

Macau’s government also required residents to follow social distancing protocols, compulsory mask wearing in public areas and mandated a 14-day quarantine rule in designated facilities for anyone with legitimate reasons to enter. The city’s tourism sector has held still for over half the year.

Thanks to the government’s substantial fiscal power — a reserve of some MOP 580 billion (US$72 billion) had been recorded at the end of 2019 — gathered through pre-COVID-19 gaming tax revenue, a suite of policies were introduced simultaneously to alleviate the economic shock. Casino operators also chipped in funding to safeguard local employment. Over MOP 50 billion (US$6.22 billion) of government spending was directed to various social welfare and business subsidy programs. This cushioned the economic blow to businesses at the height of the initial impact.

Macau successfully demonstrated that it is one of the world’s safest cities. To date, it has recorded only 44 imported and two local cases of COVID-19, and zero deaths. Although policies created some difficulties for businesses, it set up a robust framework with commitments from the local and neighbouring communities to float the casino, tourism and related sectors in a COVID-19 world.

After the Chinese government’s rigorous pandemic measures were imposed, it became apparent that COVID-19 was largely under control on the mainland from May. Still, uncertainties around asymptomatic COVID-19 cases meant that the government held back on a return to larger physical gatherings and tourist flows between Macau and the mainland.

Travel was initially opened only between Macau and neighbouring mainland city Zhuhai. The travel bubble was then extended to include Guangdong province — typically accounting for over 40 per cent of Macao’s total visitor arrivals — from the end of August.

But to minimise the possibility of a return of COVID-19, domestic tourists are subject to an electronic health code mutual recognition system between Macau and Guangdong. Under this system, each visitor must obtain a certificate, valid for seven days, indicating negative COVID-19 status and present it upon entry into Macau. Evidently, social safety is front of mind for Macau’s public as a prerequisite for reopening to tourism even domestically. With this policy approach pre-COVID-19 domestic tourism levels may take months or even over a year to return.

Considering that Macau’s non-gaming local tourism-related sectors heavily rely on tourist spending, newly designed government-subsidised domestic tourism packages are being promoted. These new packages emphasise Macau’s unique historical and cultural resources to market the city as a tourism destination. But the local government is still being careful with a stepped strategy in its restrictions with mainland China and the world.

Although it is adopting a gradual and cautious approach to re-float Macau’s tourism industry, there is a trade-off between the economic costs and social benefits of sustained pared-down economic activity. While there may be calls for fewer restrictions and a swifter return of tourists, releasing the fiscal burden of the government and reducing the losses of local firms, the…

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Q1 2024 Brief on Transfer Pricing in Asia

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Indonesia’s Ministry of Finance released Regulation No. 172 of 2023 on transfer pricing, consolidating various guidelines. The Directorate General of Taxes focuses on compliance, expanded arm’s length principle, and substance checks. Singapore’s Budget 2024 addresses economic challenges, operational costs, and sustainability, implementing global tax reforms like the Income Inclusion Rule and Domestic Top-up Tax.


Indonesia’s Ministry of Finance (MoF) has released Regulation No. 172 of 2023 (“PMK-172”), which prevails as a unified transfer pricing guideline. PMK-172 consolidates various transfer pricing matters that were previously covered under separate regulations, including the application of the arm’s length principle, transfer pricing documentation requirements, transfer pricing adjustments, Mutual Agreement Procedure (“MAP”), and Advance Pricing Agreements (“APA”).

The Indonesian Directorate General of Taxes (DGT) has continued to focus on compliance with the ex-ante principle, the expanded scope of transactions subject to the arm’s length principle, and the reinforcement of substance checks as part of the preliminary stage, indicating the DGT’s expectation of meticulous and well-supported transfer pricing analyses conducted by taxpayers.

In conclusion, PMK-172 reflects the Indonesian government’s commitment to addressing some of the most controversial transfer pricing issues and promoting clarity and certainty. While it brings new opportunities, it also presents challenges. Taxpayers are strongly advised to evaluate the implications of these new guidelines on their businesses in Indonesia to navigate this transformative regulatory landscape successfully.

In a significant move to bolster economic resilience and sustainability, Singapore’s Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Finance, Mr. Lawrence Wong, unveiled the ambitious Singapore Budget 2024 on February 16, 2024. Amidst global economic fluctuations and a pressing climate crisis, the Budget strategically addresses the dual challenges of rising operational costs and the imperative for sustainable development, marking a pivotal step towards fortifying Singapore’s position as a competitive and green economy.

In anticipation of global tax reforms, Singapore’s proactive steps to implement the Income Inclusion Rule (IIR) and Domestic Top-up Tax (DTT) under the BEPS 2.0 framework demonstrate a forward-looking approach to ensure tax compliance and fairness. These measures reaffirm Singapore’s commitment to international tax standards while safeguarding its economic interests.

Transfer pricing highlights from the Singapore Budget 2024 include:

This article is republished from China Briefing. Read the rest of the original article.

China Briefing is written and produced by Dezan Shira & Associates. The practice assists foreign investors into China and has done since 1992 through offices in Beijing, Tianjin, Dalian, Qingdao, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou, Guangzhou, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong. Please contact the firm for assistance in China at china@dezshira.com.

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New Report from Dezan Shira & Associates: China Takes the Lead in Emerging Asia Manufacturing Index 2024

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China has been the world’s largest manufacturer for 14 years, producing one-third of global manufacturing output. In the Emerging Asia Manufacturing Index 2024, China ranks highest among eight emerging countries in the region. Challenges for these countries include global demand disparities affecting industrial output and export orders.


Known as the “World’s Factory”, China has held the title of the world’s largest manufacturer for 14 consecutive years, starting from 2010. Its factories churn out approximately one-third of the global manufacturing output, a testament to its industrial might and capacity.

China’s dominant role as the world’s sole manufacturing power is reaffirmed in Dezan Shira & Associates’ Emerging Asia Manufacturing Index 2024 report (“EAMI 2024”), in which China secures the top spot among eight emerging countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The other seven economies are India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and Bangladesh.

The EAMI 2024 aims to assess the potential of these eight economies, navigate the risks, and pinpoint specific factors affecting the manufacturing landscape.

In this article, we delve into the key findings of the EAMI 2024 report and navigate China’s advantages and disadvantages in the manufacturing sector, placing them within the Asia-Pacific comparative context.

Emerging Asia countries face various challenges, especially in the current phase of increased volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (VUCA). One notable challenge is the impact of global demand disparities on the manufacturing sector, affecting industrial output and export orders.

This article is republished from China Briefing. Read the rest of the original article.

China Briefing is written and produced by Dezan Shira & Associates. The practice assists foreign investors into China and has done since 1992 through offices in Beijing, Tianjin, Dalian, Qingdao, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou, Guangzhou, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong. Please contact the firm for assistance in China at china@dezshira.com.

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Is journalist Vicky Xu preparing to return to China?

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Chinese social media influencers have recently claimed that prominent Chinese-born Australian journalist Vicky Xu had posted a message saying she planned to return to China.

There is no evidence for this. The source did not provide evidence to support the claim, and Xu herself later confirmed to AFCL that she has no such plans.

Currently working as an analyst at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, or ASPI, Xu has previously written for both the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, or ABC, and The New York Times.

A Chinese language netizen on X initially claimed on March 31 that the changing geopolitical relations between Sydney and Beijing had caused Xu to become an expendable asset and that she had posted a message expressing a strong desire to return to China. An illegible, blurred photo of the supposed message accompanied the post. 

This claim was retweeted by a widely followed influencer on the popular Chinese social media site Weibo one day later, who additionally commented that Xu was a “traitor” who had been abandoned by Australian media. 

Rumors surfaced on X and Weibo at the end of March that Vicky Xu – a Chinese-born Australian journalist who exposed forced labor in Xinjiang – was returning to China after becoming an “outcast” in Australia. (Screenshots / X & Weibo)

Following the publication of an ASPI article in 2021 which exposed forced labor conditions in Xinjiang co-authored by Xu, the journalist was labeled “morally bankrupt” and “anti-China” by the Chinese state owned media outlet Global Times and subjected to an influx of threatening messages and digital abuse, eventually forcing her to temporarily close several of her social media accounts.

AFCL found that neither Xu’s active X nor LinkedIn account has any mention of her supposed return to China, and received the following response from Xu herself about the rumor:

“I can confirm that I don’t have plans to go back to China. I think if I do go back I’ll most definitely be detained or imprisoned – so the only career I’ll be having is probably going to be prison labor or something like that, which wouldn’t be ideal.”

Neither a keyword search nor reverse image search on the photo attached to the original X post turned up any text from Xu supporting the netizens’ claims.

Translated by Shen Ke. Edited by Shen Ke and Malcolm Foster.

Asia Fact Check Lab (AFCL) was established to counter disinformation in today’s complex media environment. We publish fact-checks, media-watches and in-depth reports that aim to sharpen and deepen our readers’ understanding of current affairs and public issues. If you like our content, you can also follow us on Facebook, Instagram and X.

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