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Nepal’s geopolitical dilemma

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Activists affiliated with 'Human Rights and Peace Society Nepal' protest near the Indian Embassy in Kathmandu against the alleged encroachment of the Nepal border by India, 12 May 2020 (Photo: Reuters/Navesh Chitrakar).

Author: Gaurab Shumsher Thapa, Nepal Forum of International Relations Studies

Nepal is situated in a geostrategic location between two big and powerful states. Historically, Nepal’s foreign policy has focussed on maintaining a balanced relationship with its neighbours. Modern Nepal’s founder, the late King Prithvi Narayan Shah, once remarked that Nepal was a ‘yam between two boulders’.

Small states are often characterised by limitations in their foreign policy behaviour. In addition to Nepal’s size, it is also landlocked and economically dependent on India.

Nepal’s relationship with India is embedded in deep historical, geographical, cultural, socioeconomic and people-to-people links. India has played a significant role in Nepal’s political changes since 1950. India is Nepal’s biggest trade and development partner.

But in spite of multi-dimensional ties, the relationship is bittersweet. The cause from Nepal’s perspective lies in India’s historic treatment of Nepal as its subordinate. The bilateral relationship between Nepal and India reached its lowest after the 2015 economic blockade. This was a result of India’s hegemonic assertion over Nepal’s new constitution that was promulgated in September 2015. Contrary to India’s expectations, the move fuelled anti-India sentiment in Nepal.

The countries are embroiled in another border dispute. India inaugurated a strategically important link road through to Lipulekh on 8 May to trade with Tibet and for pilgrimage to the sacred Kailash Mansarovar. In response, Nepal published a new political map on 20 May encompassing the areas of Limpiyadhura, Kalapani and Lipulekh. These territories have historically been claimed by Nepal but remain under India’s control after the 1962 Sino-Indian War.

Nepal’s decision to publish a new political map riled the Indian establishment. While Nepal has proposed early talks over the issue, India has urged Nepal to create a positive and constructive environment for dialogue. Both countries should sit for a dialogue to find a lasting solution. But this seems unlikely as Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi has not shown any interest in commenting on the issue. Moreover, Nepalese Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli’s statement on 28 June that India was hatching plots to oust him has further led to the deterioration of ties.

India has also not accepted the 2016 India–Nepal Eminent Persons Group report which recommended ways to improve India–Nepal relations. The report provided significant recommendations for improving the bilateral relationship, but it has fallen on the deaf ears of the Indian leadership.

One of the biggest factors conditioning the minds of Indian policymakers is the habit of equating China with every political action taken by Nepal. Indian Army Chief General Manoj Naravane controversially suggested that Nepal had raised the border issue at the behest of China. Such an outlook will create misunderstandings and will not help build trust. Until India treats Nepal more like it treats Bhutan, the bilateral relationship will not be as productive as it could be.

Nepal and China’s relationship dates back to the fifth century. The growing influence of China in Nepal has eroded the stranglehold that India once enjoyed. Nepal is a signatory to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Nine projects — mainly related to connectivity infrastructure and hydropower — have been identified for implementation under the BRI. Despite the fanfare surrounding Nepal’s participation in the BRI, progress on financing modalities and long-term viability have not been made for any of the projects.

Nepal’s foreign policy with respect to China sets its bearings according to the ‘One-China’ policy. China’s main concern in Nepal is the involvement of more than 20,000 Tibetan refugees in anti-China activities related to the Free Tibet movement. Nepal’s significance in the strategic calculus of China has increased after the monarchy was abolished and a republic was established in 2008.

Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Nepal in October 2019 becoming the first Chinese president to visit Nepal in 23 years. He declared China would help Nepal become a land-linked state. The joint statement issued at the end of his visit mentioned that both countries had agreed to elevate the bilateral relationship to a ‘strategic partnership of cooperation featuring ever-lasting friendship for development and prosperity’. This could be a significant shift in China–Nepal relations considering both countries are ruled by…

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New Report from Dezan Shira & Associates: China Takes the Lead in Emerging Asia Manufacturing Index 2024

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China has been the world’s largest manufacturer for 14 years, producing one-third of global manufacturing output. In the Emerging Asia Manufacturing Index 2024, China ranks highest among eight emerging countries in the region. Challenges for these countries include global demand disparities affecting industrial output and export orders.


Known as the “World’s Factory”, China has held the title of the world’s largest manufacturer for 14 consecutive years, starting from 2010. Its factories churn out approximately one-third of the global manufacturing output, a testament to its industrial might and capacity.

China’s dominant role as the world’s sole manufacturing power is reaffirmed in Dezan Shira & Associates’ Emerging Asia Manufacturing Index 2024 report (“EAMI 2024”), in which China secures the top spot among eight emerging countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The other seven economies are India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and Bangladesh.

The EAMI 2024 aims to assess the potential of these eight economies, navigate the risks, and pinpoint specific factors affecting the manufacturing landscape.

In this article, we delve into the key findings of the EAMI 2024 report and navigate China’s advantages and disadvantages in the manufacturing sector, placing them within the Asia-Pacific comparative context.

Emerging Asia countries face various challenges, especially in the current phase of increased volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (VUCA). One notable challenge is the impact of global demand disparities on the manufacturing sector, affecting industrial output and export orders.

This article is republished from China Briefing. Read the rest of the original article.

China Briefing is written and produced by Dezan Shira & Associates. The practice assists foreign investors into China and has done since 1992 through offices in Beijing, Tianjin, Dalian, Qingdao, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou, Guangzhou, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong. Please contact the firm for assistance in China at china@dezshira.com.

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Is journalist Vicky Xu preparing to return to China?

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Chinese social media influencers have recently claimed that prominent Chinese-born Australian journalist Vicky Xu had posted a message saying she planned to return to China.

There is no evidence for this. The source did not provide evidence to support the claim, and Xu herself later confirmed to AFCL that she has no such plans.

Currently working as an analyst at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, or ASPI, Xu has previously written for both the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, or ABC, and The New York Times.

A Chinese language netizen on X initially claimed on March 31 that the changing geopolitical relations between Sydney and Beijing had caused Xu to become an expendable asset and that she had posted a message expressing a strong desire to return to China. An illegible, blurred photo of the supposed message accompanied the post. 

This claim was retweeted by a widely followed influencer on the popular Chinese social media site Weibo one day later, who additionally commented that Xu was a “traitor” who had been abandoned by Australian media. 

Rumors surfaced on X and Weibo at the end of March that Vicky Xu – a Chinese-born Australian journalist who exposed forced labor in Xinjiang – was returning to China after becoming an “outcast” in Australia. (Screenshots / X & Weibo)

Following the publication of an ASPI article in 2021 which exposed forced labor conditions in Xinjiang co-authored by Xu, the journalist was labeled “morally bankrupt” and “anti-China” by the Chinese state owned media outlet Global Times and subjected to an influx of threatening messages and digital abuse, eventually forcing her to temporarily close several of her social media accounts.

AFCL found that neither Xu’s active X nor LinkedIn account has any mention of her supposed return to China, and received the following response from Xu herself about the rumor:

“I can confirm that I don’t have plans to go back to China. I think if I do go back I’ll most definitely be detained or imprisoned – so the only career I’ll be having is probably going to be prison labor or something like that, which wouldn’t be ideal.”

Neither a keyword search nor reverse image search on the photo attached to the original X post turned up any text from Xu supporting the netizens’ claims.

Translated by Shen Ke. Edited by Shen Ke and Malcolm Foster.

Asia Fact Check Lab (AFCL) was established to counter disinformation in today’s complex media environment. We publish fact-checks, media-watches and in-depth reports that aim to sharpen and deepen our readers’ understanding of current affairs and public issues. If you like our content, you can also follow us on Facebook, Instagram and X.

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Guide for Foreign Residents: Obtaining a Certificate of No Criminal Record in China

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Foreign residents in China can request a criminal record check from their local security bureau. This certificate may be required for visa applications or job opportunities. Requirements and procedures vary by city. In Shanghai, foreigners must have lived there for 180 days with a valid visa to obtain the certificate.


Foreign residents living in China can request a criminal record check from the local security bureau in the city in which they have lived for at least 180 days. Certificates of no criminal record may be required for people leaving China, or those who are starting a new position in China and applying for a new visa or residence permit. Taking Shanghai as an example, we outline the requirements for obtaining a China criminal record check.

Securing a Certificate of No Criminal Record, often referred to as a criminal record or criminal background check, is a crucial step for various employment opportunities, as well as visa applications and residency permits in China. Nevertheless, navigating the process can be a daunting task due to bureaucratic procedures and language barriers.

In this article, we use Shanghai as an example to explore the essential information and steps required to successfully obtain a no-criminal record check. Requirements and procedures may differ in other cities and counties in China.

Note that foreigners who are not currently living in China and need a criminal record check to apply for a Chinese visa must obtain the certificate from their country of residence or nationality, and have it notarized by a Chinese embassy or consulate in that country.

Foreigners who have a valid residence permit and have lived in Shanghai for at least 180 days can request a criminal record check in the city. This means that the applicant will also need to currently have a work, study, or other form of visa or stay permit that allows them to live in China long-term.

If a foreigner has lived in another part of China and is planning to or has recently moved to Shanghai, they will need to request a criminal record check in the place where they previously spent at least 180 days.

There are two steps to obtaining a criminal record certificate in Shanghai: requesting the criminal record check from the Public Security Bureau (PSB) and getting the resulting Certificate of No Criminal Record notarized by an authorized notary agency.

This article is republished from China Briefing. Read the rest of the original article.

China Briefing is written and produced by Dezan Shira & Associates. The practice assists foreign investors into China and has done since 1992 through offices in Beijing, Tianjin, Dalian, Qingdao, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou, Guangzhou, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong. Please contact the firm for assistance in China at china@dezshira.com.

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