China
China Constructs Bridges on Unstable Terrain in Central Asia through New Collective Agreement
In June 2025, China and five Central Asian states signed a treaty institutionalizing the Belt and Road Initiative, enhancing trade, connectivity, and digital cooperation, while raising concerns over debt and environmental impacts.
China’s Treaty with Central Asia
In June 2025, China signed a Treaty of Permanent Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation with five Central Asian states, aiming to institutionalize the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This treaty enhances connectivity, trade, and digital cooperation, establishing a legal framework for an evolving regional order. While it strengthens China’s influence and promotes Central Asia’s integration, it also raises concerns over debt dependence and environmental impacts associated with the BRI.
A Multilateral Approach
The treaty is noteworthy for its multilateral nature, diverging from the typical bilateral agreements found internationally. It emphasizes a non-hierarchical structure, echoing ASEAN’s Treaty of Amity and Cooperation. This framework promotes strategic trust and stability through rules rather than military means, diverging from traditional military alliances. One particular point of concern is Article 3, which prohibits joining alliances against other parties, potentially fostering perceptions of exclusivity.
Regional Integration Dynamics
Central Asia remains fraught with unresolved issues, including ethnic enclaves and border disputes. However, the treaty reflects the increasing agency of Central Asian nations and China’s role as a convenor. Positive developments, such as improved Tajikistan-Uzbekistan relations and agreements on resource sharing, indicate momentum toward integration. China’s BRI ambitions are intricately woven into this regional cooperation, highlighting its impact on local dynamics.
Source : China builds bridges on uneven ground in Central Asia with new collective treaty
