Author: Wei Li and Hans Hendrischke, Sydney University

China’s economy is poised for a quick rebound. In March, factories reopened and in April, schools started reopening in China’s biggest cities. Daily coal consumption has returned to 90 per cent of pre-COVID-19 levels. But due to the risk of a second wave of infections, social distancing is still strictly enforced. Australia is facing an economic crisis and is more closely interconnected with China than ever before. Can trade links with China assist Australia’s economic recovery as it did through the post-global financial crisis (GFC) period?

The Australia–China economic partnership was crucial for Australia’s 2008–09 GFC recovery. The story was simple. China became Australia’s largest two-way trading partner in 2007, accounting for 13 per cent (AU$58 billion) of total trade. China needed iron ore for its infrastructure stimulus package and Australia could supply high-quality iron ore in reliable quantities.

Ten years later, in 2018–19, two-way trade with China surged past AU$230 billion, well over double the volume of trade with Australia’s second-ranked trading partner, Japan (AU$88.5 billion). Nearly 40 per cent of Australian exports now go to China and one fifth of imports are from China.

Compared to 10 years ago, trade with China is more diversified and linked with a larger number of small and medium businesses in Australia. During the GFC, China was Australia’s top market for intermediate products such as minerals, fuels and agricultural produce — products in high demand in China’s state-owned sector. Today, China’s middle-class consumers have become Australia’s top market for high-quality consumer products such as food, beauty and health products, as well as services like healthcare, tourism and education.

Australian small and medium exporters are targeting China’s expanding middle class. According to Alibaba, during the 24-hour Singles’ Day sale on 11 November 2019, over 2000 Australian brands were selling their goods through TMall and TMall Global. Australia was the fourth-ranked country selling into China — behind Japan, the United States and South Korea but ahead of Germany.

High-quality products involve more Australian service industries and higher value added. For example, digital traceability and blockchain technology facilitate exports of seafood and dairy products to China. For each dollar worth of total Australian exports to China, at least 28 cents of value added is contributed by domestic service industries.

The China trade effect that was concentrated on the resources industry after the GFC is now spread much more widely across Australia’s rural and urban industries.

Australia’s regional and urban export industries, including the tourism and education sectors, will therefore benefit from a quick post-COVID-19 recovery of Chinese consumer demand. China’s consumer spending, now the most important contributor to China’s GDP growth (57.8 per cent in 2019), is showing signs of recovery. China has relied on digital technologies and decentralised economic policy to drive up consumption, rather than centralised stimulus payments through direct deposits or debt-financed guarantees as seen in Australia.

A total of 19 billion RMB (US$2.7 billion) worth of consumption coupons have been handed out by local governments in over 170 Chinese cities. This consumer stimulus is rolled out through digital technologies via Alipay, Meituan, Dianping and WeChat mobile applications. Consumption coupons are efficient, flexible, easy to track and can target specific sectors that suit local circumstances.

During the 1 May holiday week, consumption rebounded strongly. Average daily retail sales increased by one third (32.1 per cent) over the Qingming holiday sales in the previous month. This recovery in middle-class consumer demand bodes well for the future. Middle-class families plan ahead for the future, including for health and retirement expenditure and not least, education for their children, including overseas education.

Growth in consumption is undergirded by stimulus measures for Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). SMEs are the backbone of job creation in China. Many of them now focus on domestic markets, but those focusing on exports rely on government support.

Unlike the post-GFC stimulus in China which targeted physical infrastructure building, the post-COVID-19 stimulus targets communication and service infrastructure such as mobile communication, which is of more immediate benefit to SMEs in the…

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